ʻIke kila kuhiliʻole maʻamau

ʻIke kila kuhiliʻole maʻamau

ʻO ke kila he huaʻōlelo maʻamau no nā huila hao-carbon me ka maʻi kalapona ma waena o 0.02% a me 2.11%. ʻOi aku ma mua o 2.11% ka hao.

Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke ʻano kemika o ke kila. ʻO ke kila i loko o ke kalapona wale nō ka mea i kapa ʻia ke kila kalapona a i ʻole ke kila maʻamau. I ke kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kila, chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, titanium, molybdenum a me nā mea ʻē aʻe hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai o ke kila.

ʻO ke kila kila he kila me nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ke kū'ēʻana i ka'ōpala a me ke kū'ēʻana i ka corrosion, aʻo ka mea chromium ma kahi o 10.5%, aʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 1.2%.

   1. ʻAʻole e pala ke kila kila?

Ke loaʻa nā kiko ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma ka ʻili o ke kila kila, kahaha nā kānaka. Manaʻo lākou ʻaʻole e pala ke kila kila. ʻAʻole he kila kila ka ʻōpala. Ma muli paha o ka pilikia o ke kila kila. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, he ʻaoʻao hewa kēia o ka ʻike ʻole o ke kila kila. ʻO ke kila kila ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana. Hiki i ke kila kila ke kū'ē i ka oxidation o ka lewa - kū'ē i ka'ōpala, a he hiki nō hoʻi ke kū'ē i ka corrosion i loko o ke kikowaena i loaʻa ka waikawa, ka alkali a me ka paʻakai,ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kū'ē i ka corrosion. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa kona pale ʻana i ka corrosion me kāna haku mele, kūlana like, kūlana lawelawe a me ke ʻano media kaiapuni. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea 304 i ka corrosion resistance i ka lewa maloʻo a maʻemaʻe, akā i ka wā e neʻe ʻia ai i kahakai, e ʻeleʻele koke ia i ka ʻohu kai i loko o ka nui o ka paʻakai. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ʻano kila kuhili ke kūʻē i ka corrosion a me ka ʻōpala i kēlā me kēia manawa. ʻO ke kila kila he mea lahilahi, paʻa a maikaʻi loa ka paʻa o ka chromium-rich oxide film (protection film) i hana ʻia ma luna o kona ʻili e pale aku i nā atom oxygen mai ka hoʻomau ʻana i ke komo ʻana a me ka oxidize, no laila e loaʻa ai ka hiki ke pale aku i ka corrosion. I kekahi manawa no kekahi kumu, ua pōʻino mau ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, e hoʻomau ke komo ʻana o nā ʻātoma oxygen i ka lewa a i ʻole ka wai a i ʻole e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻātoma hao i loko o ka metala, e hana ana i ka hao oxide, a ʻo ka ʻili metala e hoʻopau mau ʻia.

2. He aha ke ʻano o ke kila kila ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka ʻōpala?

ʻEkolu mau kumu nui e pili ana i ka ʻino ʻana o ke kila kila.

1) Maʻiʻo o nā mea hoʻohuihui

ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke kila me ka 10.5% chromium content. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium a me ka nickel, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka ʻike o 304 material nickel he 8% ~ 10%, a ʻo ka ʻike o ka chromium he 18% ~ 20%. ʻAʻole e ʻōpala kēlā ʻano kila kila ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau.

2) Kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe o nā ʻoihana hana

ʻO ke kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ʻoihana hana e hoʻopilikia pū i ka pale ʻana o ke kila kila. ʻO nā mea kanu kila kila nui me ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi, nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe hiki ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea hoʻohuihui, ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela hoʻoilo billet. No laila, paʻa a hilinaʻi ka maikaʻi o ka huahana, maikaʻi ka maikaʻi o loko, a ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka pala. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi mau mea kanu kila liʻiliʻi i hope i nā lako a me nā ʻenehana. I ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā mea haumia, a ʻo nā huahana i hana ʻia e ʻeleʻele.

3) Kaiapuni waho

ʻO ke kaiapuni me ke aniau maloʻo a me ka ventila maikaʻi ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka pala. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā wahi me ka haʻahaʻa ea kiʻekiʻe, ka ua mau ʻana, a i ʻole ka acidity kiʻekiʻe a me ka alkalinity i ka lewa e maʻalahi i ka pala. 304 ʻeleʻele ke kila kila inā ʻilihune loa ke kaiapuni a puni.

 3. Pehea e hana ai me nā kiko ʻōpala ma ke kila kila?

1) Nā ʻano hana kemika

E hoʻohana i ka paʻi hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻakika a i ʻole ka pulupulu no ke kōkua ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻōpala e hele hou e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni chromium oxide e hoʻihoʻi i ko lākou kūpaʻa ʻana. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka waikawa, i mea e hoʻopau ai i nā mea haumia a me nā koena waika, he mea nui e holoi pono me ka wai maʻemaʻe. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a pau, hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻia me nā mea hana polishing a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka wax polishing. No nā ʻāpana me nā wahi ʻōpala liʻiliʻi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hui ʻaila 1: 1 a me ka ʻaila ʻenekini e holoi i nā wahi ʻōpala me nā lole maʻemaʻe.

2) Keʻano mīkini

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pahū, ka puhi ʻana me ke aniani a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana seramika, ka hoʻopau ʻana, ka palaki ʻana a me ka polishing. Hiki iā ia ke holoi i ka haumia i hoʻoiho ʻia e nā mea i wehe mua ʻia, nā mea polishing a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea i hoʻopau ʻia e nā ʻano mechanical. ʻO nā ʻano haumia āpau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana hao haole, hiki ke lilo i kumu o ka ʻino, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa. No laila, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻili i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana maloʻo. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano mechanical hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe wale i kona ʻili a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ka mea ponoʻī. No laila, ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou me nā mea hana polishing ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mechanical, a hoʻopaʻa i ka sila me ka polishing wax.

4. Hiki ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia ke kila kila e ka magnet?

Nui nā poʻe e hele e kūʻai i nā mea kila kila a i ʻole nā ​​mea kila kila a lawe mai i kahi magnet liʻiliʻi me lākou. Ke nānā lākou i ka waiwai, manaʻo lākou ʻo ke kila kila maikaʻi ka mea hiki ʻole ke komo. Me ka magnetism, ʻaʻohe ʻōpala. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he hoʻomaopopo hewa kēia.

Hoʻoholo ʻia ka pahu kila kuhili ʻole magnetic e ka hale. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana paʻa o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka paʻa paʻa ʻana, e hana ia i ke kila kila me nā ʻano like ʻole e like me "ferrite", "austenite" a me "martensite", ma waena o ka "ferrite" a me ka "martensite" stainless steel he magnetic. ʻO ke kila kila "austenitic" maikaʻi nā waiwai mechanical a me ka weldability, akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka "ferritic" stainless steel me ka magnetism ma mua o ka "austenitic" stainless steel wale nō ma ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.

I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe magnetism ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo 200 series a me 300 series stainless steels me ka maʻiʻo manganese kiʻekiʻe a me ka maʻi nickel haʻahaʻa i ka mākeke, akā mamao loa kā lākou hana mai ka 304 me ka nickel kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, e loaʻa iā 304 ka micro-magnetism ma hope o ke kau ʻana, annealing, polishing, casting a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe. No laila, he kuhihewa a me ka ʻepekema ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i nā pono a me nā hemahema o ke kila kila ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila kila me ka magnetism.

5. He aha nā hōʻailona o ke kila kuhili ʻole?

201: Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Manganese ma kahi o ka nickel stainless steel, nona kekahi ʻakika a me ke kūpaʻa alkali, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, polishing a ʻaʻohe ʻōhū. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka nānā ʻana i nā hihia, nā paipu hoʻonaninani, nā paipu ʻoihana a me nā huahana huki pāpaʻu.

202: No ka nickel haʻahaʻa a me ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe, me ka nickel a me ka manganese ma kahi o 8%. Ma lalo o nā kūlana corrosion nāwaliwali, hiki iā ia ke pani i ka 304, me ka hana kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea hoʻonani, ke ala kiaʻi alanui, ka ʻenekinia municipal, ke aniani handrail, nā keʻena alanui, etc.

304: Hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila maʻamau, me ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa wela, ka ikaika haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā waiwai mechanical, a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, ʻoihana lapaʻau, ʻoihana, ʻoihana kemika, a me ka ʻoihana hoʻonaninani home.

304L: haʻahaʻa kalapona 304 stainless steel, hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻāpana mea hana me ke kūpaʻa corrosion a me ka formability.

316: Me ka hoʻohui ʻana o Mo, maikaʻi loa ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion wela kiʻekiʻe a hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana o ka wai kai, kemika, ʻoihana meaʻai a me ka hana pepa.

321: Loaʻa iā ia ka maikaʻi o ke kaumaha wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe.

430: ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka austenite, a ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hana hale a me nā mea hoʻonani hale.

410: He kiʻekiʻe ka paʻakikī, ka paʻakikī, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion maikaʻi, ka conductivity thermal nui, ka helu hoʻonui liʻiliʻi, a me ke kūpaʻa oxidation maikaʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i ka lewa, ka mahu wai, ka wai a me ka oxidizing acid corrosive ʻāpana.

Eia ka papa maʻiʻo o nā "alloy elements" o nā māka kila like ʻole o ke kila kuhili ʻole maʻamau no ka ʻike wale ʻana: